Electronic data
Shells: 2, 8, 18, 10, 2
Orbitals: [Kr] 4d2 5s2
Electronegativity: 1.4, 1.2
1. Ionization potential: 6.6339 eV
2. Ionization potential: 13.13 eV
3. Ionization potential: 22.99 eV
Oxidation states: 4
Electrical conductivity: 0.0236 10^6
Thermal data
Melting point: 1852 °C ±2
Boiling point: 4377 °C
Specific heat: 0.27 J/gK
Heat of fusion: 16.90 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 58.20 kJ/mol
Thermal conductivity: 0.227 W/cmK
Steric data
Atomic radius: 2.16 Å
Ionic radius: 0.84 Å (+4)
Covalent radius: 1.45 Å
Atomic volume: 14.1 cm³/mol
Density (293 K): 6.4 g/cm³
Crystal structure: hexagonal
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