Electronic data
Shells: 2, 8, 15, 2
Orbitals: [Ar] 3d7 4s2
Electronegativity: 1.9, 1.7
1. Ionization potential: 7.8810 eV
2. Ionization potential: 17.06 eV
3. Ionization potential: 33.50 eV
Oxidation states: 3, 2, 0, -1
Electrical conductivity: 0.172 10^6
Thermal data
Melting point: 1495 °C
Boiling point: 2927 °C
Specific heat: 0.42 J/gK
Heat of fusion: 16.190 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 376.50 kJ/mol
Thermal conductivity: 1.00 W/cmK
Steric data
Atomic radius: 1.67 Å
Ionic radius: 0.65 Å (+2)
Covalent radius: 1.16 Å
Atomic volume: 6.7 cm³/mol
Density (293 K): 8.90 g/cm³
Crystal structure: hexagonal
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