Electronic data
Shells: 2, 8, 16, 2
Orbitals: [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Electronegativity: 1.9, 1.7
1. Ionization potential: 7.6398 eV
2. Ionization potential: 18.168 eV
3. Ionization potential: 35.17 eV
Oxidation states: 3, 2, 0
Electrical conductivity: 0.143 10^6
Thermal data
Melting point: 1453 °C
Boiling point: 2913 °C
Specific heat: 0.44 J/gK
Heat of fusion: 17.470 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 370.40 kJ/mol
Thermal conductivity: 0.907 W/cmK
Steric data
Atomic radius: 1.62 Å
Ionic radius: 0.69 Å (+2)
Covalent radius: 1.15 Å
Atomic volume: 6.59 cm³/mol
Density (293 K): 8.90 g/cm³
Crystal structure: cubic face centered
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