Electronic data
Shells: 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Orbitals: [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Electronegativity: 1.3, 1.2
1. Ionization potential: 6.8251 eV
2. Ionization potential: 14.925 eV
3. Ionization potential: 23.32 eV
Oxidation states: 4
Electrical conductivity: 0.0312 10^6
Thermal data
Melting point: 2227 °C
Boiling point: 4602 °C
Specific heat: 0.14 J/gK
Heat of fusion: 24.060 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 575.0 kJ/mol
Thermal conductivity: 0.230 W/cmK
Steric data
Atomic radius: 2.16 Å
Ionic radius: 0.83 Å (+4)
Covalent radius: 1.44 Å
Atomic volume: 13.6 cm³/mol
Density (293 K): 13.2 g/cm³
Crystal structure: hexagonal
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