Silicon

Metalloid

Symbol: Si
Atomic number: 14
Atomic mass: 28.0855
Group: Non-Metal
CAS-number: 7440-21-3

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Electronic data

Shells: 2, 8, 4
Orbitals: [Ne] 3s² 3p²
Electronegativity: 1.8, 1.7
1. Ionization potential: 8.1517 eV
2. Ionization potential: 16.345 eV
3. Ionization potential: 33.492 eV
Oxidation states: 4, -4
Electrical conductivity: 2.52e-12 10^6

Thermal data

Melting point: 1410 °C
Boiling point: 3265 °C
Specific heat: 0.71 J/gK
Heat of fusion: 50.550 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 384.220 kJ/mol
Thermal conductivity: 1.48 W/cmK

Steric data

Atomic radius: 1.46 Å
Ionic radius: 0.26 Å (+4)
Covalent radius: 1.11 Å
Atomic volume: 12.1 cm³/mol
Density (293 K): 2.33 g/cm³
Crystal structure: cubic face centered

Nuclide	Abundance [%]	Mass	Spin	Halflife	Decay mode	Decay tree
²⁸Si	92.21	27.9769	0	--	--
²⁹Si	4.7	28.9765	1/2	--	--
³⁰Si	3.09	29.9738	0	--	--
³¹Si	0	30.9753	3/2	2.62h	β-	View
³²Si	0	31.974	0	1.0E02y	β-	View

Name origin:	Latin: silex, silicus (flint)
Description:	Amorphous form is brown powder; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.
Discovered by:	Jöns Berzelius
Year:	1824
Place:	Sweden
Sources:	It makes up a major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO₂), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO₂) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C.
Use(s):	It is used in the production of glass as silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.

Silicon

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